Security Council

Topic A - Banning Military Strikes Against Nuclear Facilities to Protect Civilian Welfare 

The threat of military actions against nuclear facilities represents one of the most dangerous and difficult to traverse challenges of modern warfare. Around the globe there are roughly 440 operational nuclear power plants across more than 30 counties. When these facilites are located near combat zones they go from being a force of peace to a dangerous time bomb that could go off from any disturbances. A single artillery strike, drone attack, or cyber disruption aimed out the cooling systems or spent fuel pools can cause the catastrophic release of radiation. This causes widespread environmental destructions and makes the area un-useable for decades, multi generational health crises emerge from the ashes as well as the long term displacement of civilians from even countries surrounding the one struck.

The main documentation governing this issue is Article 56 of Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Convention. It prohibits attacks on engineering works and installations containing "dangerous forces"  (e.g. Dams, dikes and nuclear power stations) even as military objectives as they can cause the significant loss of life amongst the civilian population. The modern reality of warfare however has shown many gaps in compliance and enforcement. Rogue state actors and non state entities exploit these facilities as "nuclear shields"  positioning military equipment and logistics close to reactors to deter counter attacks. This is a direct violation of international norms and test the limits of international law

Topic B - On the issue of the enforcement of the geneva convention 

The failure to enforce the Geneva Conventions represents one of the most critical and deeply entrenched challenges of modern global conflict. Around the globe, 196 states have ratified these treaties, theoretically guaranteeing universal protection to those not participating in hostilities. When armed conflicts erupt, however, these established legal protections are frequently discarded, turning civilian zones and safe havens into battlegrounds. A single systematic denial of humanitarian aid, deliberate strike on a hospital, or the use of indiscriminate weaponry in populated urban centres can cause catastrophic loss of civilian life. This causes widespread societal destruction and makes war-torn regions uninhabitable for decades; multi-generational trauma emerges from the ashes as well as the long-term displacement of civilians into countries surrounding the conflict.

The main documentation governing this issue comprises the four 1949 Geneva Conventions and their subsequent Additional Protocols. They strictly prohibit the targeting of non-combatants, medical personnel, and civilian infrastructure, demanding basic humanity even when pursuing vital military objectives. The modern reality of warfare, however, has shown many gaps in compliance and enforcement. Rogue state actors and non-state armed entities routinely exploit the lack of overarching international judicial authority, utilising asymmetrical warfare tactics, ignoring basic rules of engagement, and actively blocking neutral oversight bodies like the Red Cross to evade accountability. This is a direct violation of international humanitarian norms and tests the limits of international law.